How did Confederation influence Canada’s defense and foreign policy?

• A. It removed federal control over defense and foreign affairs.
• B. It centralized defense and foreign affairs under the federal government.
• C. It left both areas under provincial control.
• D. It created a separate defense ministry for each province.

Answer: (B)

Confederation centralized national defense and foreign policy under the federal government, giving Canada a single, coordinated approach to how it protects itself and engages with other countries. This meant the new country could raise and organize defense across all provinces, manage treaties, and represent Canada abroad as one entity rather than through separate colonial authorities. Before Confederation, defense and diplomacy were handled by various colonial governments and the imperial authorities, so there was no unified national policy. The other options would imply provincial control or a fragmented, province-specific defense structure, which the constitutional framework did not establish.